4º ESO

MODALS AND PERFECT MODALS

UNIT 7     MODALES PERFECTOS:

Aquí puedes encontrar una explicación de tu profesora 

PERFECT MODALS – MUST HAVE+p.p.

Se refieren al pasado: expresan conclusiones, suposiciones y conjeturas que hacemos sobre hechos pasados y se forman con un modal + have + participio.

• MUST + HAVE + PARTICIPIO → conclusiones lógicas en el pasado, (debe de haber estado...)
•             e.g. Sheila was absent yesterday. She must have been ill.
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• COULD + HAVE + PARTICIPIO → indica que hubo posibilidad de hacer algo en el pasado pero realmente no se hizo, (podría haber ayudado...)
•             e.g. He could have helped us, but he came too late
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• → en negativa, expresa la incredulidad de que lo ocurrido sea cierto, (podría no haber...)                  e.g.She couldn't have said those word
• → para hacer una suposición en el pasado, (podría haber estado...)
•              e.g. She didn't  come to the party. She could have been ill.

• MAY / MIGHT/COULD + HAVE + PARTICIPIO → expresan una suposición sobre el pasado, (podría haber / no haber oído...)
•             e.g. Call her again. She may / might not have heard you the first time.
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• CAN´T +HAVE+PARTICIPIO: se usa cuando estamos seguro de que algo no ocurrió en el pasado . No puede haber ocurrido  (No puede haber comprado..)
•             e.g."They can't have bought it today because the shops are closed."
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• SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE + PARTICIPIO→ para lamentar que no se siguió un consejo en el pasado, 
•             e.g. She looks worse. She should / ought to have seen a doctor last week.
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They are based on the PRESENT PERFECT grammar form:  Subject + modal + HAVE + past participle

PERFECT MODALS are used to refer to something in the past. 

The meaning changes depending on which MODAL you use.

MUST HAVE is used to make a logical conclusion about something in the past

For example, imagine you saw a friend in the street, one minute later he is not there...You think, “He must have left.” (This is a logical conclusion) You do not know for sure, but based on the information you have, this is a probable answer.

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 UNIT 6   MODAL VERBS             4º ESO

VOCABULARY

1.- Parts of the body

2.-Health problems  

GRAMMAR

(En Inglés)

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person,-ed or –ing.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. (CAN´T, CANNOT, MUSTN´T, SHOULDN´T…) Modals are auxiliary verbs. They do not need an additional auxiliary in negatives or questions. For example: Must I come? (Do I must come?), or: He shouldn't smoke (He doesn't should smoke).

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses. They are defective.

4.- They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').

Common Modal Verbs

can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must

Other modal expressions or phrases are ought to, have to, be able to,  and need.

Modal Verb	Expressing	Example
must	Strong obligation	You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
	logical conclusion / Certainty	He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.
must not	prohibition	You must not smoke in the hospital.
can	ability	I can swim.
	permission	Can I use your phone please?
	possibility	Smoking can cause cancer.
could	ability in the past	When I was younger I could run fast.
	polite permission	Excuse me, could I just say something?
	possibility	It could rain tomorrow!
may	permission	May I use your phone please?
	possibility, probability	It may rain tomorrow!
might	polite permission	Might I suggest an idea?
	possibility, probability	I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
should/ought to	50 % obligation	I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.
	advice	You should / ought to revise your lessons
	logical conclusion	He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long.
need to	Necessity, obligation	You need to go to the doctor immediately
need not	lack of necessity/absence of obligation	I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge.

Use of modal verbs: Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

1.    Permission and requests     2.Ability       3.Obligation and Prohibition

           4.Advice                    5.Possibility and probability

1.-PERMISSION

We can use verbs such as 'can', 'could' and 'may' to ask for and give permission. We also use modal verbs to say something is not allowed.

For example: Can we swim in the lake? (Not formal)

                        Could I leave early today, please? (polite)

                        May I use the car tonight. (very formal)

                        I am not allowed to use my mobile phone during classes

To be allowed to: It has all the verb tenses. For permission or weak obligation. Verb to be to make different patterns. The subject of the sentence is the one that gets the permission (Jane is allowed to smoke)

-REQUESTS We use could you and would you as polite ways of asking someone to do something:

                                                             Could you take a message please?
                                                             Would you carry this for me please?
                                                             Could I have a plastic bag, please?

              can and will are less polite:   Can you take a message please?
                                                             Will you carry this for me please?

2.- ABILITY

We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a skill or ability.
For example:              She can speak six languages.

                                    My grandfather could play golf very well.

                                   I can't drive.

Present: can / can't I can play the piano.

Past: could / couldn't I could read when I was four.

Future: will / won't be able to At the end of the course, you will be able to make your own website.

3.-OBLIGATION and Prohibition

-MUST.- Describe a thing we personally think is necessary and important to do.

For personal opinion of the speaker. The obligation comes from the speaker.

-Prohibition  -Mustn´t expresses an action against the rules or that is not allowed. For prohibition.

It´s only used in Present tense. It borrows the rest of its tenses from the verb have to

-Have to: (modal phrase)(It needs auxiliaries for ? and-)

To describe what is necessary, a rule, or something we do because other people tell us to do. External obligation.  The negative form is used to describe something that is unnecessary.“I´ve got to…” it´s informal and it´s used to say that something is necessary.      e.g. I´ve got to leave early today

	Must	Have to
+ Affirmative	Personal obligation (moral) General obligation	An outside obligation (strong)
-Negative	Prohibition as a rule (strong)	Not necessary (but you can)

4.-ADVICE

We can use verbs such as 'should' or "ought to" to say when something is necessary or unnecessary, or to give advice. For example:     You should stop smoking.

                                               You ought to drive carefully in bad weather (less subjective)

**We use would you like (to) ... for invitations:

Would you like to come round tomorrow?
Would you like another drink?

5.-POSSIBILITY / CERTAINTY / DEDUCTION 

First, they can be used when we want to say how sure we are that something happened /  is happening / will happen. We often call these 'modals of deduction' or 'speculation' or 'certainty 'or 'probability'.
For example:              It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside. (100% SURE)

                                   I don't know where John is. He could have missed the train. (+- 50%)

                                   This bill can't be right. £200 for two cups of coffee! (IMPOSSIBLE)
We use may, might and could to express possibility in the past and in the future: 

Must  (90-100% logically true)	It is almost certain; I think	They look alike. They must be twins.
could	possible	He could be the winner of the quiz show.
may	Perhaps, very possible	I may see John tonight.
might	Perhaps, very possible. Note:  might implies less possibility than may.	I might go to the cinema on Saturday.
Can´t  (0%) (Impossible)	It does not seem possible;  I don´t think	You have been sleeping all day. You can´t be tired
Can he be?	Is it possible?	Can he still be at work?

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(English, easy and clear)

**Estamos elaborando los contenidos y ejercicios para su realización y estudio desde casa. Gracias (11-marzo-2020)

RELATIVE CLAUSES

 

VERB TENSES CONTRASTS

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4º ESO PRESENTATIONS. 

LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

1.-G.R. MARTIN (Luis Pozo and Alexis Mahigua)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS Uses

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

• I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
• I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
• He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

• Tonight at 6 PM, I will be eating dinner.
  I will be in the process of eating dinner.
• At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
  We will be in the process of driving through the desert.

REMEMBER

In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.

Examples:

• Tonight at 6 PM, I will eat dinner.
  I am going to start eating at 6 PM.
• Tonight at 6 PM, I will be eating dinner.
  I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.

USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future

When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

• I will be studying and he will be making dinner.
• Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
• While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
  Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while." (See Explanation Below)

USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future

In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.

Example:

• When I arrive at the party, everybody will be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others will be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people will be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.

Examples:

• While I will be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
• While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future.

Examples:

• Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
• Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
• Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives?

• You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
• Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?

    4º ESO ENGLISH CULTURAL ASPECTS

A FILM TRIVIA

1.- How is the King of Spain, Philip II,? Describe his appearance, his values, his intentions

2.-What is the familiar relationship between Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots?

3.- Describe the rivalry between Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots

4.- What happened to Mary Queen of Scots?  Why?

5.-Continue the sentence Elizabeth says “Do we discover the New world or…

6.- “Now you grow dull”  What does it mean in this context?

7.- Why is  Bess´s cousin imprisoned?

8.-What is the ENTERPRISE OF ENGLAND?

9.- Elizabeth says to Philip of Spain  “I´m not afraid of your…”  Finish the sentence

10.-Name at least two problems Elizabeth has to face in this first part of the film

USEFUL  VOCABULARY

Devout

Plunged

Enterprise

Cheering

Cling

Weakness

Endevour

Slit

Customary

Chocking

Giggling

Tumbling

Cracking

Neighing

Puddle

Suitors

Chucless

Leash

Asset

Lousy

Warrant

Bearing

Nourishing

Stale

Sewers

Subject

Pawn

Grunting

Groaning

Gasping

Strike

Dreadful

Beguiled

Dazzling

Overwhelmed

Stattlich (ger)

Fabled

Mulberry

Pane

Flatter

Daren´t

Charms

Duller

Grip

Haze

Smudge

Stain

Cough

Load

Jailer

Tease

Eager

Fist

Strip

Bare

Staring

Crushed

Comparison of Adverbs  4º ESO

There are three degrees of comparison in adverbs – the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. The adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives using –er and –est , and more and most. Adverbs that end in –ly use the words more and most to form their comparatives and superlatives.

1.-The one-syllable adverbs or those having same form as adjectives  use ‘-er’ in the comparative form, and ‘-est’ in the superlative form.

Positive               Comparative     Superlative

early      earlier   earliest

fast        faster    fastest

hard      harder  hardest

high       higher   highest

late        later      latest

loud       louder  loudest

near      nearer  nearest

soon      sooner soonest

2.-Adverbs which end in ‘-ly’ or have three or more syllables each form the comparative with ‘more’ and the superlative with ‘most’.

Positive               Comparative     Superlative

angrily  more angrily      most angrily

brightly                more brightly    most brightly

dimly     more dimly        most dimly

freely    more freely       most freely

gladly    more gladly        most gladly

heavily more heavily     most heavily

loudly   more loudly       most loudly

quietly  more quietly     most quietly

sweetly               more sweetly   most sweetly

terribly more terribly     most terribly

3.-Some adverbs form the comparative and the superlative irregularly.

Positive               Comparative     Superlative

badly     worse (than)     worst (the)

far          farther farthest

far          further furthest

little       less        least

much/many       more     most

well       better   best

-The comparative form is used to compare two things.

We must not reach there later than 7 o’clock.

You speak more loudly than a loudspeaker.

Sirius shines more brightly than all the other stars.

- superlative form is used to compare three or more things.

He arrived the earliest, so he had to wait for the others.

Why do you have to speak the most loudly of all at the meeting?

Of all the girls, your sister sang the most sweetly.

-It is not correct to use –er and more together, or –est and most together.

The tree is more taller than the giraffe. (Incorrect)

The tree is taller than the giraffe. (Correct)

This turkey is the most oldest in the farm. (Incorrect)

This turkey is the oldest in the farm. (Correct)

Sentence examples:

Of the two teddy bears, which do you like better?

This has to be the farthest I have ever walked in my life.